The E61 group head is the defining standard of real espresso — a massive brass heat-sink that uses thermosiphon technology to circulate hot water without a pump, stabilizing brew temperature within a fraction of a degree. Every machine here inherits that 1961 Faema design, but the chassis, boiler system, and controls around it determine whether you chase perfect shots or fight bitter channeling every morning.
I’m Mo Maruf — the founder and writer behind The Tools Trunk. My research focuses on how heat exchanger dynamics, PID tuning, and boiler material science translate into actual shot consistency across E61 prosumer builds at every serious price tier.
Whether you want to steam milk simultaneously on a heat exchanger or dial in precise brew-boiler temps with dual PIDs, choosing the right e61 espresso machine means matching your morning routine to a specific thermal architecture.
How To Choose The Best E61 Espresso Machine
An E61 machine is a long-term investment in hardware designed to outlast consumer-grade appliances, but the wrong boiler configuration or missing feature can make the daily workflow frustrating. Focus on the thermal system, pump type, and temperature control method first — these three variables dictate everything from warm-up time to shot repeatability.
Heat Exchanger vs. Dual Boiler
Heat exchanger (HX) machines use a single boiler that holds steam pressure while running brew water through a tube submerged inside that boiler. The result is simultaneous brewing and steaming, but brew temperature drifts with the steam boiler’s cycling — flushing the group head between shots becomes a ritual. Dual boiler machines dedicate a separate boiler to brew water, typically PID-controlled, delivering stable brew temperatures independent of steam demand. If you make more than two milk drinks back-to-back, a dual boiler reduces the guesswork.
Rotary vs. Vibration Pump
Vibration pumps are standard on entry-level and mid-range E61 machines — they work at a fixed 9 bar and cycle on and off, producing a characteristic buzzing sound. Rotary pumps are quieter, run continuously when engaged, and allow for flow control profiling because they can be plumbed in or run from a reservoir with a bypass valve. A rotary pump adds hundreds to the price but enables pre-infusion modulation and longer pump life.
PID Temperature Control
Thermostat-based machines maintain boiler temperature within a range, often swinging several degrees before the heating element kicks in again. PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers eliminate that swing by modulating power in tiny increments, keeping brew water within 0.5°C of the target. For light-roast single-origin beans where extraction temperature matters by the degree, PID is non-negotiable. For darker espresso blends, a well-tuned HX can still produce excellent shots without it.
Quick Comparison
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| Model | Category | Best For | Key Spec | Amazon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rocket R58 Cinquantotto | Premium Dual Boiler | Plumbable rotary pump workflow | Double Boiler, Rotary Pump, PID | Amazon |
| Rancilio Silvia Pro X | Mid-Range Dual Boiler | Temperature stability on a budget | 300ml Brew Boiler, PID, 4-Hole Steam | Amazon |
| Breville Dynamic Duo | Mid-Range Combo | Integrated grinder package | Dual Boiler, PID, 58mm, 22g Dose | Amazon |
| De’Longhi La Specialista Maestro | Mid-Range Super-Auto | Built-in grinder and tamping | Sensor Grinding, Smart Tamping, PID | Amazon |
| Diletta Bello+ | Mid-Range HX | PID on steam boiler for control | E61 Head, PID, Programmable Preinfusion | Amazon |
| Rocket Appartamento Nera | Entry Premium HX | Compact E61 with classic style | 1.8L HX Boiler, 58 lbs | Amazon |
| Nuova Simonelli Musica | Premium HX | Commercial-grade steam power | HX Boiler, 58mm Portafilter, 60 lbs | Amazon |
| Bosch VeroCafe 800 TQU60703 | Premium Super-Auto | Full automation with touchscreen | Ceramic Grinder, 36 Drinks, Wi-Fi | Amazon |
| Bosch VeroCafe 800 TQU60307 | Mid-Range Super-Auto | Silver finish with same internals | Touchscreen, 36 Drinks, Integrated Milk | Amazon |
| Bosch VeroCafe 800 TPU60309 | Mid-Range Super-Auto | Black model with similar features | Touchscreen, 35 Drinks, Home Connect | Amazon |
| Miele CM 6160 | Premium Super-Auto | Miele build and OneTouch Two | Steel Grinder, WiFiConnect, 1.8L Tank | Amazon |
| Jura E8 | Premium Super-Auto | P.E.P. for short shots | Professional Aroma Grinder, 17 Specialties | Amazon |
| Jura J8 Twin | Ultra-Premium Super-Auto | Dual bean hoppers for decaf/regular | Two Grinders, 6.7″ Touchscreen, Sweet Foam | Amazon |
In‑Depth Reviews
1. Rocket Espresso R58 Cinquantotto
The R58 combines two stainless boilers — a dedicated brew boiler and a steam boiler — with a rotary pump that supports both reservoir and plumbed-in operation. The detachable PID touchscreen allows you to dial brew and steam temperatures independently, while the shot timer is integrated into a small mirror that preserves the machine’s classic E61 silhouette.
Out of the box, brew pressure averaged around 10 bar, but the rotary pump’s OPV adjustment is straightforward for dropping to 9 bar. The steam wand produces dense, dry microfoam within seconds, and the hot water spout is independent of the steam circuit — a small detail that speeds up Americano preparation.
Some owners note that clearance under the group head is tight for larger scales, and the drip tray fills quickly during backflushing. The touchscreen PID, while functional, is overly sensitive to accidental touches. For dual-boiler precision and plumbable flexibility, this is the most complete E61 package on the market.
What works
- Rotary pump runs quietly and supports direct plumbing
- Separate brew and steam boilers eliminate temperature trade-offs
- Detachable PID with precise digital control
What doesn’t
- Limited cup clearance under brew head for scales
- Small drip tray overflows during routine backflush
- Touchscreen sensor can trigger on accidental contact
2. Rancilio Silvia Pro X
The Silvia Pro X uses a 300ml brew boiler paired with a 1-liter steam boiler, each controlled by its own PID circuit. This dual-boiler architecture lets you set brew temperature to the degree while the steam boiler stays ready for milk — no flushing, no waiting for boiler recovery. The adjustable soft pre-infusion runs from 1 to 6 seconds, which helps level out channeling on lighter roasts.
Rancilio upgraded the portafilter to the same 58mm stainless model found on the Specialty line, and the solenoid valve at the group head prevents wet pucks by releasing pressure immediately after the shot. The steam wand uses a 4-hole tip that textures milk in roughly half the time of single-hole wands, though it takes practice to avoid overshooting the microfoam window.
The programmable auto-on timer is a daily timer rather than a 7-day scheduler, which feels dated at this price point. The water tank, at 1 liter, is small for households that pull multiple doubles back-to-back. For temperature stability and commercial-grade steam in a compact frame, the Silvia Pro X delivers dual-boiler precision at a mid-range cost.
What works
- Dedicated brew boiler with PID for stable extraction
- Fast 4-hole steam wand produces dry microfoam quickly
- Solenoid valve prevents wet pucks after each shot
What doesn’t
- Small water tank requires frequent refills for multiple drinks
- Auto-on is a daily timer, not a 7-day programmable schedule
- Cup warmer surface gets hot but takes time to warm thick cups
3. Breville Dynamic Duo
The Dynamic Duo packages the Breville Dual Boiler (BDB) with the Smart Grinder Pro, offering a complete 58mm setup with PID temperature control and a 22g professional portafilter. The BDB uses two stainless boilers — one for brew and one for steam — with a heated group head that brings the whole brew path to temperature within 8 minutes. The low-pressure pre-infusion ramps up gradually before hitting 9 bar, reducing channeling on imperfect puck prep.
The Smart Grinder Pro, while not a commercial-grade burr grinder, offers 60 grind settings and dose control that integrates with the machine’s automated grinding and dosing. Users report consistent results with doses between 18 to 19 grams for double shots. The steam wand is powerful enough for latte art microfoam, though the tip is a single hole that requires more time and technique than multi-hole wands.
Owners mention that the BDB is easier to service than many E61 home machines, with accessible O-rings and a removable solenoid valve. The main trade-off is the Smart Grinder Pro’s retention — it holds a few grams of coffee inside, which can stale between uses. For a first 58mm dual-boiler system that includes a grinder, this package removes the guesswork of equipment matching.
What works
- Full 58mm dual-boiler setup with integrated grinder package
- Fast 8-minute warm-up with heated group head
- Low-pressure pre-infusion reduces channeling on edge doses
What doesn’t
- Smart Grinder Pro retains some grounds between doses
- Single-hole steam wand requires longer texturing time
- Internal components are well-designed but not as repairable as commercial E61 builds
4. Diletta Bello+
The Bello+ is an Italian-built heat exchanger E61 machine that adds a PID controller for the steam boiler temperature, a shot timer, and programmable pre-infusion up to 10 seconds. Hand-assembled in Milan, it uses the same Quickmill-derived chassis that prioritizes serviceability — the top panel lifts off for access to the OPV, pump, and boiler connections without disassembling the entire frame.
The PID screen doubles as a brew timer the moment you engage the lever, which helps track extraction time without a separate scale timer. The eco-mode drops the boiler temperature to save power while still allowing faster recovery than a cold start. Owners who upgraded from single-boiler machines like the Rancilio Silvia V6 report noticeably better steam consistency and the ability to pull four double shots in quick succession.
The drip tray is shallow relative to the machine’s depth, and the HX cooling flush requirement remains — expect to waste a few ounces of water before each shot to stabilize brew temperature. The build quality, with a stainless frame and brass boiler, suggests long-term durability. For those who want E61 hands-on workflow with modern PID convenience, this is a strong mid-range compromise.
What works
- PID control on steam boiler with integrated shot timer
- Handmade in Italy with serviceable Quickmill-derived internals
- Programmable pre-infusion improves consistency on light roasts
What doesn’t
- Small drip tray requires frequent emptying during multiple shots
- HX cooling flush still necessary before each extraction
- Initial burn-off smell reported from some units during first use
5. Rocket Espresso Appartamento Nera
The Appartamento Nera fits the E61 group head and a 1.8-liter heat exchanger boiler into a footprint that is narrower than most prosumer machines — 10.5 inches wide. The thermosiphon circulates water through the group head continuously, so the brew path stays warm without needing a dedicated heating element. The black powder coat finish sets it apart from the standard stainless versions and resists fingerprints.
Out of the box, the brew pressure tends to run around 12 to 13 bar, which produces aggressive extractions and bitter shots. Many owners adjust the OPV to 9 bar immediately, and some add a flow control device for pre-infusion profiling. The steam wand is powerful enough for microfoam, though the Appartamento lacks a PID or shot timer — you operate entirely by feel and a separate scale.
The copper boiler and brass components inside are standard Rocket build quality, and the three-year warranty covers parts and labor. Some units have reported a plastic-like smell from the group head during initial days of use, likely from residual manufacturing compounds. For a compact E61 that forces you to master pressure profiling and cooling flushes, the Appartamento is a rewarding entry point into true espresso craft.
What works
- Narrow 10.5-inch width fits tight counter spaces
- 1.8L copper boiler delivers strong steam for milk drinks
- Three-year warranty with accessible service network
What doesn’t
- Brew pressure often exceeds 12 bar out of the box
- No PID or shot timer requires separate tools for consistency
- Some owners report off-gassing smell from group head in early use
6. Nuova Simonelli Musica
The Musica uses an E61 group head fed by a heat exchanger boiler, backed by back-lit programmable buttons for volumetric dose control. The 58mm portafilter is heavy-duty commercial stock, and the steam pressure is noticeably higher than most home HX machines — capable of texturing milk for multiple cappuccinos without noticeable pressure drop. The cup warmer on top holds up to nine espresso cups, and the overall build weight of 60 pounds signals thick internal materials.
The water tank sits loosely and is small enough that constant refilling becomes a routine for anything beyond two doubles. The included tamper is lightweight and often replaced immediately by owners. Some units arrive with a misaligned portafilter ear angle that prevents a snug lock into the group head, requiring an exchange or aftermarket portafilter. The 18-gauge power cord runs warm during extended steaming sessions, which raises some longevity concerns.
When the machine works correctly, the shot quality rivals commercial Nuova Simonelli units found in cafes — rich body with thick crema and forgiving temperature stability due to the large boiler mass. The 20-minute warm-up is standard for HX E61 machines without a timer. For buyers who want commercial steam power and programmable dosing in a home E61, the Musica delivers but requires more initial quality control patience than the Japanese or German alternatives.
What works
- Commercial-grade steam pressure for serious milk texturing
- Programmable volumetric buttons for repeatable doses
- Large cup warmer surface with solid commercial build weight
What doesn’t
- Small water tank requires frequent refilling
- Portafilter ear alignment inconsistent across units
- Power cord feels undersized for the electrical load
7. Bosch VeroCafe 800 TQU60703
The Bosch VeroCafe 800 series is a fully automatic super-automatic coffee machine, not a traditional E61 lever machine. It serves a different buyer: someone who wants 36 programmed beverages from whole beans at the touch of a screen, with automatic milk frothing and cleaning cycles. The ceramic bean grinder is quieter than steel burrs, and the 5-inch Active Select display provides step-by-step drink customization including strength, volume, and milk ratio.
The integrated milk container connects directly to the brew unit, and the system self-cleans the milk path with a short steam burst after each drink. The stainless steel version includes a cup warmer plate on top, and the machine can be controlled remotely via the Home Connect app. Owners who compared this with Jura and Miele report that the Bosch produces hotter coffee out of the spout and has a more intuitive cleaning schedule.
Some units have suffered from intermittent power failures and watery extractions, but the majority of long-term reviews highlight consistent daily performance with proper maintenance. The hopper lid tends to let beans escape when it rests against a full load. For someone who wants the convenience of a super-automatic rather than the hands-on ritual of an E61 lever, this Bosch offers the widest drink menu in its class.
What works
- Ceramic grinder runs quietly and maintains consistent particle size
- Self-cleaning milk system with automatic steam purge after each drink
- Large 5-inch touchscreen with extensive customization options
What doesn’t
- Super-automatic design sacrifices hands-on shot control entirely
- Hopper lid rests on beans, causing occasional spillage
- Some units reported intermittent power and watery extraction issues
8. Bosch VeroCafe 800 TQU60307
This silver variant of the Bosch VeroCafe 800 series offers identical internal components — same ceramic grinder, same 36-drink menu, same integrated milk container and self-cleaning cycle — but in a silver finish that blends better with lighter kitchen appliances. The touchscreen interface, Home Connect app control, and combined cleaning/descaling program are identical to the stainless TQU60703 model.
The milk frothing system draws directly from the attached container, and the machine can prepare two cappuccinos simultaneously. Owners who tested this alongside Jura E8 and Miele CM 6160 note that the Bosch reaches higher brew temperatures and requires less frequent descaling due to the larger water filter. The removable brew unit is a key advantage over Jura’s fixed brew group — it can be rinsed under running water.
Setup takes roughly 20 minutes following the manual, and the initial water filters install without tools. A minority of units developed milk suction problems within the first week that required a customer service call to replace a misaligned adapter. For buyers who want the same Bosch super-automatic performance in a finish that matches silver kitchens, this is a direct alternative to the stainless model at a slightly different price point.
What works
- Removable brew unit for thorough cleaning under running water
- Consistent high brew temperature compared to Jura and Miele
- Home Connect app allows remote brewing from the couch
What doesn’t
- Milk adapter alignment issues reported on early units
- Large footprint at 18.4 inches depth requires cabinet clearance
- Some users find default milk temperature too low for their preference
9. Bosch VeroCafe 800 TPU60309
The black Bosch VeroCafe 800 TPU60309 rounds out the Bosch super-automatic trio with exactly the same ceramic grinder, 35-drink library, and integrated milk system as the silver and stainless models. The only difference is the color housing and a slightly different included accessories bundle — this one comes with a connection hose for the milk frother rather than the integrated container found on the TQU models.
The touchscreen interface remains highly responsive, and the Home Connect app allows you to schedule drinks and adjust settings remotely. The combined cleaning and descaling program runs automatically and prompts you step-by-step through the Calc’n Clean system. Owners who were hesitant about super-automatic maintenance report that the Bosch needs less frequent chemical descaling than competitive brands because of the Mavea water filter’s capacity.
Setup complexity varies — some users reported it took nearly two hours to unbox and configure, while others were pulling shots within 20 minutes. The grinder is noticeably quieter than the vibratory pump models from De’Longhi and Philips. For buyers who prefer the black aesthetic and want the same Bosch super-automatic technology, this model delivers the same drink quality in a darker package.
What works
- Quiet ceramic grinder with minimal noise during operation
- Remote brewing and scheduling via Home Connect app
- Mavea water filter extends intervals between descaling cycles
What doesn’t
- Setup time can vary significantly depending on user experience
- No integrated milk container on this model — uses a hose
- Some reports of machine requiring service within the first year
10. Miele CM 6160 MilkPerfection
The Miele CM 6160 uses a steel conical grinder and a dynamic brewing system that adjusts pre-infusion and water volume based on the programmed drink profile. The OneTouch for Two function prepares two of any specialty simultaneously, and the Connoisseur Profile saves up to four individual user preferences for strength, temperature, and volume. The wear-resistant steel grinder is quieter than ceramic and consistently produces fines for espresso-body extractions.
The BrilliantLight LED illuminates the dispensing area, and the WiFiConnect feature integrates with Miele’s app for scheduling and maintenance reminders. The ComfortClean milk system rinses automatically after each drink and prompts a deeper clean cycle at predetermined intervals. Owners who have used both the CM 6160 and Jura E8 note that Miele’s milk foam is denser and the espresso temperature is more consistent across multiple back-to-back drinks.
Some units develop software glitches — the most common is a persistent “close the door” error that requires a factory reset or service call. Miele’s customer service charges a flat fee for on-site repairs, which can add significant cost over the machine’s lifetime. For buyers who prioritize build quality and programmed drink precision over repairability, the CM 6160 represents Miele’s best home espresso effort.
What works
- OneTouch Two simultaneously prepares two specialty drinks
- Wear-resistant steel grinder produces quiet, consistent particle size
- Individual user profiles with WiFi maintenance scheduling
What doesn’t
- Frequent software error reports with expensive service fees
- Double-shot drinks require two separate brew cycles
- Water tank access requires sliding machine out from under cabinets
11. Jura E8
The Jura E8 uses the Pulse Extraction Process (P.E.P.) to deliver short specialties like ristretto and espresso doppio by pulsing water through the coffee puck at intervals rather than a steady stream. The Professional Aroma Grinder uses a stainless steel burr set that Jura claims increases aroma yield by 12.2 percent over previous models. The 2.8-inch color display with artificial intelligence adapts product positions based on how often you select them.
The brewing unit is fixed and self-cleaning — you never remove it for rinsing, which divides owners between those who value the convenience and those who prefer the transparency of a removable brew group. The machine produces hot, well-extracted coffee with minimal thermal loss between the grinder and the spout. The integrated coffee grinder adjustment is stepless for fine-tuning between brew methods.
Reviews are polarized: many owners describe the E8 as the best home coffee purchase they have made, while others find the coffee quality merely acceptable for the price. The plastic internal components and non-user-serviceable brew unit limit long-term repairability. For someone who wants a hassle-free super-automatic with strong support for short black drinks, the Jura E8 remains a benchmark in design and extraction technology.
What works
- P.E.P. extraction improves body on short shots like ristretto
- Self-cleaning fixed brew unit requires minimal user intervention
- AI-driven interface learns and prioritizes your most used drinks
What doesn’t
- Non-removable brew unit limits thorough cleaning options
- Plastic internal components reduce long-term serviceability
- Coffee temperature can be inconsistent on first morning cup
12. Jura J8 Twin
The J8 Twin features two 6.3-ounce bean containers, each with its own high-performance conical grinder, allowing you to load caffeinated beans on one side and decaf on the other. The machine switches between grinders automatically based on the drink selection. The 6.7-inch touchscreen Panorama Coffee Panel provides full customization over grind consistency, strength, volume, and milk ratio, and the Sweet Foam function uses a dedicated chamber to create cold foam structure.
The eighth-generation brew unit uses 3D brewing technology that saturates the puck from multiple angles before pressing, theoretically increasing extraction uniformity. Intelligent preheating brings the entire water path to temperature before the first cup. Owners who had the machine for several months report that the novelty of twin grinders becomes indispensable for households with both regular and decaf drinkers — manually swapping beans in a single-hopper machine becomes frustrating in comparison.
The packaging is robust, and Jura’s return policy allows in-home comparisons with other models, though the refund process can feel slow during the evaluation period. Some users found the twin grinder capability unnecessary and returned the J8 for the Jura Z10, which adds cold brew function. For a household that needs two bean types without cross-contamination and wants the highest level of super-automatic convenience, the J8 Twin is the most versatile machine Jura makes.
What works
- Two independent grinders allow instant switching between bean types
- 6.7-inch touchscreen offers extensive customization options
- Sweet Foam function creates textured cold milk for iced specialties
What doesn’t
- Very expensive for households that only use one bean type
- Non-removable brew unit limits deep cleaning options
- Large footprint requires significant counter space
13. De’Longhi La Specialista Maestro
The La Specialista Maestro uses sensor grinding technology that measures bean volume and adjusts the grind dose automatically, combined with a Smart Tamping Station that compresses the puck to consistent pressure using a lever mechanism. The dynamic pre-infusion adapts to the coffee’s density by slowing the water flow during the wetting phase, which reduces channeling on less-than-perfect puck prep. Five temperature settings allow you to adjust brew water across a range that suits light to dark roasts.
The steam wand uses De’Longhi’s LatteCrema system, which auto-textures milk at the press of a button — less flexible than a manual wand but more consistent for beginners. The machine weighs 35.3 pounds and measures 16.5 inches wide, which is substantial for an entry-level prosumer machine. The water tank holds 100 milliliters smaller than most competitors, requiring more frequent refills during heavy use.
Dialing in takes roughly a month of trial and error, as the sensor grinding and tamping system is sensitive to bean density changes. Some units experience weak extraction and inconsistent dosing, and the inability to adjust the milk frother’s texture means you cannot fine-tune microfoam. For someone who wants an automated E61-style workflow without learning manual puck prep, the Maestro removes the steepest parts of the learning curve.
What works
- Smart Tamping Station ensures consistent puck compression
- Dynamic pre-infusion reduces channeling on uneven doses
- Five temperature profiles cover light to dark roasts effectively
What doesn’t
- Dialing in takes significant time due to sensor learning curve
- Auto milk frother lacks manual texture adjustment
- Small water tank requires constant refilling for multiple drinks
Hardware & Specs Guide
The E61 Thermosiphon Group Head
An E61 group head has no internal heating element. Instead, it circulates hot water from the boiler through a thermosiphon loop — water rises through the group, cools slightly, then falls back into the boiler. This passive thermal stabilization keeps the brew path at a consistent temperature without electronic intervention. The large brass mass acts as a heat sink, smoothing out small boiler temperature fluctuations before they reach the coffee puck.
Dual Boiler vs. Heat Exchanger
Dual boiler machines have one small boiler dedicated to brew water and a second larger boiler for steam. This allows the brew boiler to run at 90°C–96°C while the steam boiler holds 120°C–130°C without interfering. Heat exchanger machines use a single steam boiler with a tube running through it — brew water passes through this tube and absorbs heat from the steam boiler en route to the group. HX machines cost less and take up less space, but require a cooling flush before each shot to avoid overheating the brew water.
PID Temperature Control Explained
PID controllers measure the boiler temperature thousands of times per second and adjust the heating element’s power output proportionally rather than switching on and off like a thermostat. This eliminates temperature overshoot and undershoot, keeping the water within 0.3°C–0.5°C of the set point. For light-roast beans with narrow extraction windows, this precision is essential — a 2°C temperature swing can turn a balanced shot into a sour or bitter one.
Rotary vs. Vibration Pumps
Vibration pumps (also called solenoid pumps) use an electromagnetic coil to oscillate a piston, creating pressure in pulses. They are inexpensive, compact, and work only from a reservoir. Rotary pumps use an electric motor spinning a vane or gear to generate smooth, continuous pressure. Rotary pumps can be plumbed directly to a water line, provide quieter operation, and allow aftermarket flow control devices to profile pressure throughout the shot. They also cost more and take up larger internal space, limiting machine size.
FAQ
What is the ideal brew temperature for an E61 espresso machine?
How long does an E61 group head take to reach thermal equilibrium?
Do I need a separate grinder for a true E61 machine?
Can I plumb an E61 machine directly to a water line?
Final Thoughts: The Verdict
For most users, the e61 espresso machine winner is the Rocket R58 Cinquantotto because it combines dual-boiler temperature independence with a rotary pump that supports plumbed-in installation, giving you commercial-grade control without sacrificing the classic E61 workflow. If you want dual-boiler precision at a lower investment, grab the Rancilio Silvia Pro X. And for the compact heat exchanger experience that forces you to master the craft, nothing beats the Rocket Appartamento Nera.